<\/p>\n
Decision-makers have found it difficult to assign standards to each of the activities advancing resilience, let alone measure their effectiveness. However, reliability metrics typically do not include outage information when low-probability, high-consequence events such as storms, earthquakes, and cyber-attacks occur. The challenge for regulators is to determine what constitutes a well-performing utility. Performance depends on how well utility management uses available resources. A major if not central purpose of regulation is to induce high-quality performance from public utilities.5757.\u201cThe To achieve that objective, regulators should measure and evaluate utility actions. The arguments are akin to the policy issues facing climate change, with divergent positions taken.5656.\u201cExamples<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
VOLL estimates can help to set resilience targets and to allocate monies toward different measures to enhance resilience. Lost welfare measures what analysts refer to as the \u201cValue of Lost Load\u201d (VOLL). The decision-maker can then better understand how uncertainty affects the cost-effectiveness of investments and other resilience-improving measures under different scenarios.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
AWWA members participate in committee activities, developing conference programs, writing technical manuals, developing standards, creating educational content and contributing to AWWA publications. AWWA\u2019s policy statements are brief statements on protecting and improving water supply, water quality, management, and the interests of the public and the environment. Those who work in the water sector are acutely aware of the essential service and function they provide to every community served. There are mitigation measures that utilities can employ during an epidemic or pandemic to reduce the impact of these disasters on their operations and the communities that they serve.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n